Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin

CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH

Alexander Pushkin was born on June 6 (May 26, O.S.), 1799, in Moscow. His father Sergei Pushkin was an amateur poet and social wit. His mother Nadezhda Hannibal was the granddaughter of Abram Hannibal. His paternal grandfather, Lev Pushkin, was Colonel of Artillery, had the rank of captain of the guard.

Alexander Pushkin's great-grandfather Hannibal.

Alexander fully absorbed the character traits of his ancestors. Mom's genes gave him a hot temper, unbridled energy and thirst for life. His father's genes were manifested in his poetic talent, through which all experiences and passions immediately became poems and poems, which still have not lost their relevance and appeal.

Besides Alexander in the family survived another daughter Olga born in 1797 and a son Lev born in 1805. The parents of the future genius poet were famous for their education, despite the fact that in those days the representatives of secular society communicated in French and knew Latin, studied history and literature. The doors to their house were always open, and among the guests of the Pushkin family one could meet poets, artists and musicians.

Portrait of Alexander Pushkin as a child

Alexander studied at home, and this education was decent enough. However, the study of literature alone will not go far. Since childhood he loved Russian history, folk tales, legends, legends, all thanks to his maternal grandmother Maria Gannibal. From 1805 to 1810 years, every summer the little Sasha stayed with her in the suburban village of Zakharov. This period left an indelible impression in Pushkin's memory, and these memories were later reflected in his first attempts to write. It was his grandmother who brought Arina Rodionovna into the house, who became the nanny of the future great poet.

Babysitting stories, fairy tales, unpretentious stories, told in a sing-song voice, so captivated the boy's soul that he enjoyed the sound of his native language, its beauty and poetry. Thanks to such a combination of native Russian and "French" education and upbringing, Pushkin managed to find the golden mean, thanks to which he became a highly educated young man, who respected the Russian traditions. Although at that time the whole of noble Russia favored the French manner of education, and Alexander's first verse was also written in this language.

Portrait of Pushkin's nurse Arina Rodionovna

From childhood, the genes of his African ancestor boiled in Sasha, and so later formed his hot character and uncommon appearance.

From an early age the boy had French governesses on one side and a Russian nanny on the other. But it was not enough for him to learn from them, so he could often be caught with a book in his hands. He could borrow any book from his father's library, which consisted of many editions, and at any time use the library of his own uncle, Vasily Lvovich.

TSARSKOSELSKY LYCEUM

In the autumn of 1811 in the company of his uncle Vasily Sasha went to St. Petersburg to find himself among the pupils of the newly opened Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The tsarist family patronized this educational institution, and it was opened in a building adjacent to the Catherine Palace. That year he enrolled thirty students, one of whom was Pushkin.

The picture shows Alexander Pushkin in the Lyceum.

The Lyceum used a completely new, one might say revolutionary, system of education. The first thirty boys students were from the nobility, and young, highly educated teachers were brought in to teach them. The atmosphere in the educational institution was very free and friendly, there was no corporal punishment, which had never been practiced in schools before.

ALEXANDER MANAGED TO QUICKLY GET USED TO AND MAKE FRIENDS WITH HIS CLASSMATES. HE STUDIED WITH KUCHELBECKER, DELVIG AND PUSHCHIN, AND THIS FRIENDSHIP LASTED FOR MANY YEARS.

The most famous professors were invited to the lyceum students of the first intake, and they took examinations with members of the Academy of Sciences and pedagogues of the Pedagogical Institute. Years later their graduating class was acknowledged as the most successful among all those who graduated from the Lyceum.

In addition to comprehension of various school subjects, students were engaged in creative development, they published journals written by hand. Within the walls of this Lyceum appeared novelists and poets, who gathered almost every evening to practice writing impromptu poems. Three of their graduation soon joined the Decembrists, Pushchin and Kuchelbecker even condemned. Pushkin did not participate in the uprising, and in this great credit to his friends.

Even in those years showed the creative potential of the young Lyceum student Pushkin. His friends liked his poetry and he was highly praised by Zhukovsky, Batiushkov, Karamzin and Derzhavin. During an examination in 1815 Pushkin recited a poem "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo", which Derzhavin heard, and expressed to his young colleague his delight. So began the creative biography of the famous poet.

SERVICE

In 1817 Pushkin became an employee of the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg. In those years the Pushkin family moved to the capital, they settled on the Fontanka, where they lived in a seven-room apartment on the 3rd floor. At this address the great poet lived in 1817-1820. It was here that he worked on his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and his ode "Liberty".

From 1817 to 1820 Pushkin regularly went to the English embankment, that was where the collegium of foreign affairs was located at that time, where he worked. He had little interest in a career as a diplomat, but he attended the service regularly. Among his colleagues were many Lyceum students, Pushkin worked with Korsakov, Kuchelbecker, Gorchakov. The experience gained during those years was embodied in his notes of 1822, called "Notes on Russian History of the 13th Century.

Pushkin and Nicholas I

Alexander liked the life in the capital, which in comparison with the years spent in the Lyceum, was bright and full. Lyceum rules meant almost complete isolation of students from life outside it, so the Lyceum students themselves called their institution a monastery.

Pushkin got a lot of acquaintances who belonged to the most different circles of society - he was surrounded by poets, hussars, musicians, artists. It was a time of constant falling in love, duels, visits to restaurants and theaters, literary circles and salons. Alexander was always interested in women, the African blood of his ancestors was bubbling, he needed new passions, emotions and lovers. Pushkin fell in love a lot and often, women literally adhered to him, despite the fact that his appearance was not very attractive. He knew how to attract their admiration, verses dedicated to each muse. At that time his relations with the opposite sex were platonic, poetically exalted.

At this time he proposes to Anna Olenina. He often went to their mansion on the Fontanka, where at that time gathered all the literati of St. Petersburg. But Anna rejected the young poet, and then Pushkin turned his attention to another girl. It was Anna Kern, the niece of the mistress of the house. It was her he wrote one of his best poems - "I remember a wonderful moment.

THE FIRST SUMMARY

Society at the time was living on a wave of spiritual upheaval that came after the defeat of Napoleon's army. However, some people soon became "infected" with not just free and forward ideas, they were revolutionary. Under the influence of these freedom-loving currents Pushkin joined the literary circle "Green Lamp". The influence of visits to this circle was reflected in the poetry of the time - the poems "The Village", "Liberty", "On Arakcheyev", which were not published, but became very popular with readers in the capital.

And soon the poet felt the consequences of such popularity, manifested in the imperial disfavor. Pushkin was threatened with exile to Siberia, and only thanks to his friends he finds himself in exile to the south instead of the Siberian exile. On May, 6, 1820 Alexander went to his new place of service, where Lieutenant-General I.N. Inzov became his commander.

Alexander Pushkin in exile

Between 1820 and 1824 Pushkin "wandered" through Russia, and during these years he was able to visit Taman, Ekaterinoslav, Feodosia, Kerch, Bakhchisarai, Gurzuf, Simferopol, Kamenka, Kishinev, Bender, Akkerman, Kiev, Izmail, Odessa.

Each trip enriched the poet with emotions and impressions, which immediately poured out on paper. During the years of wandering in the "southern" exile the poet wrote several poems - "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai," "Prisoner of the Caucasus," "Gavriliada," "Gypsies. During his stay in Crimea, Pushkin came up with the idea of creating the poem "Eugene Onegin," and he began to write it in Kishinev.

In Kamenka Alexander joined a secret society, and in Kishinev became a member of the Masonic lodge.

Fame ran ahead of Pushkin, and when he found himself in Odessa, he was greeted there as a romantic poet, a singer of the Caucasus. But in this city he had no luck, Count M.S. Vorontsov, his former boss, absolutely did not want to contact Alexander.

There were rumors that Pushkin was infatuated with the wife of the count, and she reciprocated, so Vorontsov tried to get rid of a disgraced poet as soon as possible. Moscow police officers read a letter from the poet, in which he spoke about his new passion - atheism. The emperor learned about it immediately and took drastic measures. In 1824 Pushkin was dismissed from his post and he had to leave the capital. He settled on his mother's estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye.

SERVICE

In 1817 Pushkin became an employee of the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg. During these years the Pushkin family moved to the capital, they settled on the Fontanka, where they lived in a seven-room apartment on the 3rd floor. At this address the great poet lived in 1817-1820. It was here that he worked on his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and his ode "Liberty".

From 1817 to 1820 Pushkin regularly went to English Embankment, where at that time was located the College of Foreign Affairs, where he worked. He had little interest in his career as a diplomat, but he attended the service regularly. Among his colleagues were many Lyceum students, Pushkin worked with Korsakov, Kuchelbecker, Gorchakov. The experience gained during these years was embodied in his notes of 1822, entitled "Notes on Russian History of the XIIIth Century.

Pushkin and Nicholas I.

Alexander enjoyed life in the capital, which, compared to the years spent in the Lyceum, was bright and rich. Lyceum rules meant almost complete isolation of students from life outside it, so the Lyceum students themselves called their institution a monastery.

Pushkin made a lot of acquaintances belonging to the most different circles of society - he was surrounded by poets, hussars, musicians and artists. It was a time of constant lovesickness, duels, visits to restaurants and theaters, literary circles and salons. Alexander was always interested in women, his ancestors' African blood was boiling in him, he needed new passions, emotions and lovers. Pushkin fell in love a lot and often, women literally stuck to him, despite the fact that his appearance was not very attractive. He knew how to attract their admiration, he dedicated poems to each muse. At that time his relationship with the opposite sex was platonic, poetically sublime.

FIRST SUMMARY

Society at the time was living on the wave of spiritual upheaval that came after the defeat of Napoleon's army. However, some people soon became "infected" with not just free and progressive ideas, they were revolutionary. Under the influence of these freedom-loving currents, Pushkin joined the literary circle Green Lamp. The influence of visits to this circle was reflected in the poetry of the time - the poems "The Village", "Liberty", "On Arakcheev", which were not published, but became very popular with readers in the capital.

And soon the poet felt the consequences of such popularity, expressed in imperial disfavor. Pushkin was threatened with exile in Siberia, and only thanks to his friends he was exiled to the south instead of Siberia. On May 6, 1820 Alexander went to a new place of service, where Lieutenant-General I.N. Inzov became his commander.

Alexander Pushkin in exile

From 1820 to 1824 Pushkin "wandered" through Russia, and during these years he managed to visit Taman, Ekaterinoslav, Feodosia, Kerch, Bakhchisarai, Gurzuf, Simferopol, Kamenka, Kishinev, Bender, Akkerman, Kiev, Izmail, Odessa.

Each trip enriched the poet with emotions and impressions, which immediately poured out on paper. During the years of wandering in the "southern" exile the poet wrote several poems - "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", "The Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Gavriliada", "Gypsies". During his stay in Crimea, Pushkin had the idea of creating a poem "Eugene Onegin," and he began to write it in Kishinev.

In Kamenka Alexander Sergeevich joined a secret society, and in Kishinev became a member of the Masonic lodge.

Fame ran ahead of Pushkin, and when he ended up in Odessa, he was welcomed there as a romantic poet, a singer of the Caucasus. But in this city he was out of luck, Count M.S. Vorontsov, his former boss, did not want to mess with Alexander.

There were rumors that Pushkin was in love with the Count's wife, and she reciprocated, so Vorontsov tried as soon as possible to get rid of the disgraced poet. Moscow police read a letter from the poet, in which he spoke about his new passion - atheism. The emperor immediately learned about it and took drastic measures. In 1824 Pushkin was dismissed from his post, and he was forced to leave the capital. He settled on his mother's estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye.

DEATH

Emperor Nikolai I acknowledged Alexander Pushkin's merits and promoted him to the rank of gentleman of the chamber in 1833. But this title was a real insult to the poet, because such a title was awarded to young noblemen, and he was already 35 at that time. But this title allowed the poet to attend the palace, and he could accompany his wife to all the imperial balls, where, by order of the sovereign had to attend his Natalia. The poet's wife just turned 22, she really wanted to shine in society, loved to dance and attract the rapt attention of the men present.

Alexander Pushkin duel

The tsar tried to court Goncharova, but their relationship went no further than platonic. Pushkin saw this affection for his wife and tried to use it to solve the family's financial problems. He asked the emperor for a loan, he gave his permission. Soon Pushkin printed his "History of Pugachev," then created the magazine "Contemporary," in which he printed the works of famous writers of the time and his own. But none of Pushkin's projects became profitable, and he became increasingly indebted to the treasury.

In 1836 the poet began to be haunted by losses and disappointments. He had to work hard, because it was necessary to pay debts. In the spring of that year his mother died, and Alexander suffered this loss heavily. Then gossip spread across the capital about the affair between his wife and the French baron Dantes, who publicly paid her attentions.

PUSHKIN'S FRIENDS CANCELLED THE FIRST DUEL, ALTHOUGH ALEXANDER RUSHED TO FIGHT TO PROTECT THE GOOD NAME OF NATALYA. HE DID NOT EVEN DOUBT THAT SHE WAS DEFAMED.

Soon a new wave of rumors filled the capital, in addition Gekkerne began to build intrigues against the poet and his wife. Pushkin was just furious, he wrote the ambassador a letter of insult, after which the ambassador should have challenged him to a duel. But he was a diplomat, and a duel would have put an end to his career, so his adopted son, Dantes, decided to fight instead.

They met on the Black River, in the early morning of January 27, 1837. Dantes' bullet went through the neck of Pushkin's thigh and lodged in his stomach. At that time, such wounds were equated to a death sentence, they were not treated. For two days Pushkin suffered enormously. He tried to save all his courage, wrote to the emperor, who promised the dying poet to take care of his family. Pushkin invited the priest, he confessed, then said goodbye to all relatives and died Jan. 29 that year.

Alexander Pushkin was buried in Svyatogorsk monastery next to his mother on February 6, 1837.

The tomb and a monument to Pushkin

The memory of the poet has been immortalized in numerous monuments, which exist in almost every city. In Moscow and St. Petersburg alone there are almost four dozen of them.

INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT PUSHKIN

After the poet was gone, people came up with many legends about his work, life and death. One contemporary from Canada suggested that Alexander Pushkin and the writer Alexander Dumas are not different people, but one person. But even out of a great desire to see Pushkin alive and well, this does not fit into any framework.

But the rumors about Pushkin and Leo Tolstoy kinship have real grounds. The fact that great-grandmother of Pushkin and great-great-grandmother Tolstoy were in a blood relationship - they are sisters.

Pushkin did write obscene poems or poetry, which contains profanity. There are also a few vulgar joke poems in his works.

WORK

Poems

"Ruslan and Lyudmila"

"The Caucasian Captive"

"Gavriliada"

"Vadim"

"The Brothers Robbers"

"The Fountain of Bakhchisarai"

"Gypsies"

"Count Nulin"

"Poltava"

"Tazit"

"A House in Colomna"

"Yezersky"

"Angelo"

"The Bronze Horseman

A novel in verse

"Eugene Onegin"

Drama

"Boris Godunov"

Little Tragedies

"The Miserly Knight"

"Mozart and Salieri"

"The Stone Guest"

"A Feast during the Plague"

"The Mermaid"

Prose

"Peter the Great's Arap"

"The Shot"

"Blizzard"

"The undertaker"

"The Station Ranger"

"The Peasant Lady

"The Story of the Village of Goryukhin

"Roslavlev"

"Dubrovsky"

"The Queen of Spades

"The Story of Pugachev"

"Egyptian Nights"

"Journey to Arzrum during the Campaign of 1829"

"Captain's Daughter."

Tales

"The Bridegroom"

"The Tale of the Pope and His Workman Balda"

"The Tale of the Bear"

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan and His Glorious and Mighty Son Prince Gvidon

Saltanovich and the Beautiful Swan Princess".

"The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"

"The Tale of the Dead Tzarevna and the Seven Heroes"

"The Tale of the Golden Rooster."