The five primary functions of the respiratory system are
🔹 To exchange O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and the blood.
🔹 To maintain homeostatic regulation of body pH.
🔹 To protect us from inhaled pathogens and pollutants.
🔹 To maintain the vocal cords for normal communication.
🔹 To remove the heat produced during cellular respiration through breathing.
RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS
Different animals have different organs for exchange of gases, depending upon their habitats and levels of organization. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the air. So the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than land animals. In animals like sponges, coelenterates and flatworms, exchange of gases takes place through the body surface by simple diffusion. Earthworms use their moist ski, whereas insect have tracheal tubes. Gills are used as respiratory organs in most of the aquatic Arthropods and Mollucus Among vertebrates, reptiles, birds and mammals have well vascularized lungs. Frogs spend their moist skin for respiration along with lungs.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The human respiratory system includes the external nostrils, nasal cavity the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the lungs, which contain that, alveoli the parts starting from the external nostrils to the terminal bronchioles constitute the conducting zone, whereas the alveoli and the ducts called the respiratory zone. The part of the conducting zone, humidifies and warms the incoming air.
In human beings, air enters the upper respiratory throw the external nostrils. They are passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs under mucus lining the passage. The external nostrils lead to the nasal chamber which opens into the nasopharynx Which opens throw the glottis of the Larynx region into the trachea. The ciliated epithelial cells lining the trachea bronchi and bronchioles, secret mucus. Mucus membrane lining that airway contains goblet blood cells which secret mucus, slimly material rich in glycoprotein microorganisms and dust particles attach in the mucus films are carried upwards to pass down the gullet during normal swallowing. During swallowing yet thin elastic flap called epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the Latinx and avoids choking of food.
The trachea is a semi-flexible tube supported by multiple cartilaginous rings, which extends up to the midthoracic cavity and the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra where it divides into right and left primary bronchi one bronchus to each lung within the lungs, the bronchi divides repeatedly into secondary and territory bronchi and further divides into Terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles.
Bronchi have C shape curved cartilage plates to ensure that the air passage does not collapse or burst as the air pressure changes during breathing. The bronchioles are without cartilaginous rings and have rigidity that prevents them from collapsing,but are surrounded by smooth muscle which contracts or relaxes to adjust the diameter of these airways. The fine respiratory bronchioles terminate into highly vascularized a thin walled pouch like air sacs called alveoli meant for gaseous exchange. The diffusion membrane of alveolus is made up of three layers, the thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli, the endothelium of the alveolar capillaries, and the basement substance found in between them. The thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli are composed of type 1 and type 2 cells.
Type 1 cells are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly throw them. Type 2 cells are thicker, synthesize and secrete a substance called surfactant.
The lungs are light spongy tissues enclosed in that thoracic cavity surrounded by an airtight space. That thoracic cavity is bound dorsally by the vertebral column, under vent rally by the sternum, latterly by the ribs on the lower side by the dome shaped diaphram.
The human respiratory system includes the external nostrils, nasal cavity the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea,the bronchi and bronchioles, and the lungs, which contain that, alveoli the parts starting from the external nostrils to the terminal bronchioles constitute the conducting zone, whereas the alveoli and the ducts called the respiratory zone. The part of the conducting zone,humidifies and warms the incoming air.
In human beings beings, air enters the upper respiratory throw the external nostrils. They are passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs under mucus lining the passage. The external nostrils lead to the nasal chamber which opens into the nasopharynx Which opens throw the glottis of the Larynx region into the trachea. The ciliated epithelial cells lining the trachea bronchi and bronchioles, secret mucus. Mucus membrane lining that airway contains goblet blood cells which secret mucus,slimly material rich in glycoprotein micro organisms and dust particles attach in the mucus flims are carried upwards to pass down the gullet during normal swallowing. during swallowing yet thin elastic flap called epiglottis prevents the food from entering into the Latinx and avoids choking of food
The trachea is semi flexible tube supported by multiple cartilaginous rings, which extends up to the midthoracic cavity and the level of the fifth thoraic vertebra where it divides into right and left primary bronchi one bronchus to each lung within the lungs, the bronchi divides repeatedly into secondary and territory bronchi and further divides into Terminal bronchioles and respiratory bbronchioles.
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Bronchi have C shape curved cartilage plates to ensure that the air passage does not collapse or burst as the air pressure changes during breathing.The bronchioles are without cartilaginous rings and have rigidity that prevents them from collapsing but are surrounded by smooth muscle which contracts or relaxes to adjust the diameter of these airways. The fine respiratory bronchioles terminate into highly vascularized a thin walled pouch like air sacs called alveoli meant for gaseous exchange.The diffusion membrane of alveolus is made up of three layers, the thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli, the endothelium of the alveolar capillaries, and the basement substance found in between them. The thin squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli are composed of type 1 and type 2 cells
Type 1 cells are very thin so that gases can diffuse rapidly throw them. Type 2 cells or are thicker,synthesize and secrete substance called surfactant.
The lungs are light spongy tissues enclosed in that thoracic cavity surrounded by an airtight space.That thoracic cavity is bound dorsally by the vertebral column, under ventrally by the sternum,latterly by the ribs on the on the lower side by the dome shaped diaphram. The lungs are covered by double walled pleural membrane containing several layers of elastic connective tissues and the capillaries which encloses the pleural fluid. pleural fluid reduces friction when the lungs expand and contract.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF RESPIRATORY SURFACE
🔹 Surface area must be very large and richly supplied with blood vessels.
🔹 Should be extremely thin and kept moist.
🔹 Should be in direct contact with the environment.
🔹 Should be preventable to respiratory gases.
The steps involved in respiration are
🔹 They tend to have a or between the atmosphere and the lungs.
🔹 They exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood.
🔹 Transport of oxygen and under carbon dioxide by the blood.
🔹 Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells.
🔹 Uptake of oxygen by the cells for various activities and the release of carbon dioxide.
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